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ATATURK'S TURKEY OVERTURNED
By Hillel Halkin, a contributing editor of The New York Sun.
New York Sun, NY -
http://www.nysun.com/article/58997
July 24 2007
Some 12 or 13 years ago, when I was reporting from Israel for the
New York weekly, the Forward, I wrote a piece on Kemal Ataturk, the
founder of modern secular Turkey, that I submitted to the newspaper
with some trepidation.
In it, I presented evidence for the likelihood of Ataturk's having
had a Jewish - or more precisely, a Doenmeh - father.
The Doenmeh were a heretical Jewish sect formed, after the conversion
to Islam in the 17th century of the Turkish-Jewish messianic pretender
Sabbetai Zevi, by those of his followers who continued to believe
in him.
Conducting themselves outwardly as Muslims in imitation of him,
they lived secretly as Jews and continued to exist as a distinct,
if shadowy, group well into the 20th century.
In the many biographies of Ataturk there were three or four different
versions of his father's background, and although none identified him
as a Jew, their very multiplicity suggested that he had been covering
up his family origins.
This evidence, though limited, was intriguing. Its strongest item was
a chapter in a long-forgotten autobiography of the Hebrew journalist,
Itamar Ben-Avi, who described in his book a chance meeting on a rainy
night in the late winter of 1911 in the bar of a Jerusalem hotel with
a young Turkish captain.
Tipsy from too much arak, the captain confided to Ben-Avi that he
was Jewish and recited the opening Hebrew words of the Shema Yisra'el
or "Hear O Israel" prayer, which almost any Jew or Doenmeh - but no
Turkish Muslim - would have known. Ten years later, Ben-Avi wrote, he
opened a newspaper, saw a headline about a military coup in Turkey,
and in a photograph recognized the leader that the young officer he
had met the other night.
At the time, Islamic political opposition to Ataturk-style secularism
was gaining strength in Turkey. What would happen, I wondered,
when a Jewish newspaper in New York broke the news that the revered
founder of modern Turkey was half-Jewish? I pictured riots, statues
of Ataturk toppling to the ground, the secular state he had created
tottering with them.
I could have spared myself the anxiety. The piece was run in the
Forward, there was hardly any reaction to it anywhere, and life
in Turkey went on as before. As far as I knew, not a single Turk
even read what I wrote. And then, a few months ago, I received an
e-mail from someone who had. I won't mention his name. He lives in a
European country, is well-educated, works in the financial industry,
is a staunchly secular Kemalist, and was writing to tell me that he
had come across my article in the Forward and had decided to do some
historical research in regard to it.
One thing he discovered, he wrote, was that Ataturk indeed traveled
in the late winter of 1911 to Egypt from Damascus on his way to join
the Turkish forces fighting an Italian army in Libya, a route that
would have taken him through Jerusalem just when Ben-Avi claimed to
have met him there.
Moreover, in 1911 he was indeed a captain, and his fondness of
alcohol, which Ben-Avi could not have known about when he wrote his
autobiography, is well-documented.
And here's something else that was turned up by my Turkish e-mail
correspondent: Ataturk, who was born and raised in Thessaloniki, a
heavily Jewish city in his day that had a large Doenmeh population,
attended a grade school, known as the " Semsi Effendi School," that
was run by a religious leader of the Doenmeh community named Simon
Zvi. The email concluded with the sentence: "I now know - know (and I
haven't a shred of doubt) - that Ataturk's father's family was indeed
of Jewish stock."
I haven't a shred of doubt either. I just have, this time, less
trepidation, not only because I no longer suffer from delusions of
grandeur regarding the possible effects of my columns, but because
there's no need to fear toppling the secular establishment of Kemalist
Turkey.
It toppled for good in the Turkish elections two days ago when the
Islamic Justice and Development Party was returned to power with
so overwhelming a victory over its rivals that it seems safe to say
that secular Turkey, at least as Ataturk envisioned it, is a thing
of the past.
Actually, Ataturk's Jewishness, which he systematically sought to
conceal, explains a great deal about him, above all, his fierce
hostility toward Islam, the religion in which nearly every Turk of
his day had been raised, and his iron-willed determination to create a
strictly secular Turkish nationalism from which the Islamic component
would be banished.
Who but a member of a religious minority would want so badly to
eliminate religion from the identity of a Muslim majority that, after
the genocide of Turkey's Christian Armenians in World War I and the
expulsion of nearly all of its Christian Greeks in the early 1920s,
was 99% of Turkey's population? The same motivation caused the banner
of secular Arab nationalism to be first raised in the Arab world by
Christian intellectuals.
Ataturk seems never to have been ashamed of his Jewish background. He
hid it because it would have been political suicide not to, and the
secular Turkish state that was his legacy hid it too, and with it,
his personal diary, which was never published and has for all intents
and purposes been kept a state secret all these years. There's no
need to hide it any longer. The Islamic counterrevolution has won
the day in Turkey even without its exposure.
By Hillel Halkin, a contributing editor of The New York Sun.
New York Sun, NY -
http://www.nysun.com/article/58997
July 24 2007
Some 12 or 13 years ago, when I was reporting from Israel for the
New York weekly, the Forward, I wrote a piece on Kemal Ataturk, the
founder of modern secular Turkey, that I submitted to the newspaper
with some trepidation.
In it, I presented evidence for the likelihood of Ataturk's having
had a Jewish - or more precisely, a Doenmeh - father.
The Doenmeh were a heretical Jewish sect formed, after the conversion
to Islam in the 17th century of the Turkish-Jewish messianic pretender
Sabbetai Zevi, by those of his followers who continued to believe
in him.
Conducting themselves outwardly as Muslims in imitation of him,
they lived secretly as Jews and continued to exist as a distinct,
if shadowy, group well into the 20th century.
In the many biographies of Ataturk there were three or four different
versions of his father's background, and although none identified him
as a Jew, their very multiplicity suggested that he had been covering
up his family origins.
This evidence, though limited, was intriguing. Its strongest item was
a chapter in a long-forgotten autobiography of the Hebrew journalist,
Itamar Ben-Avi, who described in his book a chance meeting on a rainy
night in the late winter of 1911 in the bar of a Jerusalem hotel with
a young Turkish captain.
Tipsy from too much arak, the captain confided to Ben-Avi that he
was Jewish and recited the opening Hebrew words of the Shema Yisra'el
or "Hear O Israel" prayer, which almost any Jew or Doenmeh - but no
Turkish Muslim - would have known. Ten years later, Ben-Avi wrote, he
opened a newspaper, saw a headline about a military coup in Turkey,
and in a photograph recognized the leader that the young officer he
had met the other night.
At the time, Islamic political opposition to Ataturk-style secularism
was gaining strength in Turkey. What would happen, I wondered,
when a Jewish newspaper in New York broke the news that the revered
founder of modern Turkey was half-Jewish? I pictured riots, statues
of Ataturk toppling to the ground, the secular state he had created
tottering with them.
I could have spared myself the anxiety. The piece was run in the
Forward, there was hardly any reaction to it anywhere, and life
in Turkey went on as before. As far as I knew, not a single Turk
even read what I wrote. And then, a few months ago, I received an
e-mail from someone who had. I won't mention his name. He lives in a
European country, is well-educated, works in the financial industry,
is a staunchly secular Kemalist, and was writing to tell me that he
had come across my article in the Forward and had decided to do some
historical research in regard to it.
One thing he discovered, he wrote, was that Ataturk indeed traveled
in the late winter of 1911 to Egypt from Damascus on his way to join
the Turkish forces fighting an Italian army in Libya, a route that
would have taken him through Jerusalem just when Ben-Avi claimed to
have met him there.
Moreover, in 1911 he was indeed a captain, and his fondness of
alcohol, which Ben-Avi could not have known about when he wrote his
autobiography, is well-documented.
And here's something else that was turned up by my Turkish e-mail
correspondent: Ataturk, who was born and raised in Thessaloniki, a
heavily Jewish city in his day that had a large Doenmeh population,
attended a grade school, known as the " Semsi Effendi School," that
was run by a religious leader of the Doenmeh community named Simon
Zvi. The email concluded with the sentence: "I now know - know (and I
haven't a shred of doubt) - that Ataturk's father's family was indeed
of Jewish stock."
I haven't a shred of doubt either. I just have, this time, less
trepidation, not only because I no longer suffer from delusions of
grandeur regarding the possible effects of my columns, but because
there's no need to fear toppling the secular establishment of Kemalist
Turkey.
It toppled for good in the Turkish elections two days ago when the
Islamic Justice and Development Party was returned to power with
so overwhelming a victory over its rivals that it seems safe to say
that secular Turkey, at least as Ataturk envisioned it, is a thing
of the past.
Actually, Ataturk's Jewishness, which he systematically sought to
conceal, explains a great deal about him, above all, his fierce
hostility toward Islam, the religion in which nearly every Turk of
his day had been raised, and his iron-willed determination to create a
strictly secular Turkish nationalism from which the Islamic component
would be banished.
Who but a member of a religious minority would want so badly to
eliminate religion from the identity of a Muslim majority that, after
the genocide of Turkey's Christian Armenians in World War I and the
expulsion of nearly all of its Christian Greeks in the early 1920s,
was 99% of Turkey's population? The same motivation caused the banner
of secular Arab nationalism to be first raised in the Arab world by
Christian intellectuals.
Ataturk seems never to have been ashamed of his Jewish background. He
hid it because it would have been political suicide not to, and the
secular Turkish state that was his legacy hid it too, and with it,
his personal diary, which was never published and has for all intents
and purposes been kept a state secret all these years. There's no
need to hide it any longer. The Islamic counterrevolution has won
the day in Turkey even without its exposure.