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TURKEY'S WAR ON THE TRUTH
by Richard Cohen
The Washington Post
October 16, 2007 Tuesday
Regional Edition
It goes without saying that the House resolution condemning Turkey
for the "genocide" of Armenians from 1915 to 1923 will serve no
earthly purpose and that it will, to say the least, complicate if
not severely strain U.S.-Turkey relations. It goes without saying,
also, that the Turks are extremely sensitive on the topic and, since
they are helpful in the war in Iraq and are a friend to Israel, that
their feelings ought to be taken into account. All of this is true,
but I would feel a lot better about condemning this resolution if
the argument wasn't so much about how we need Turkey and not at all
about the truthfulness of the matter.
Of even that, I have some doubt. The congressional resolution
repeatedly employs the word "genocide," a term used by many scholars.
But Raphael Lemkin, the Polish-Jewish emigre who coined the term in
1943, clearly had in mind what the Nazis were doing to the Jews. If
that is the standard -- and it need not be -- then what happened in
the collapsing Ottoman Empire was something short of genocide. It
was plenty bad -- maybe as many as 1.5 million Armenians perished,
many of them outright murdered -- but not all Armenians everywhere in
what was then Turkey were as calamitously affected. The substantial
Armenian communities in Constantinople, Smyrna and Aleppo were largely
spared. No German city could make that statement about its Jews.
Still, by any name, what was begun in 1915 is unforgivable and, one
hopes, unforgettable. Yet it was done by a government that no longer
exists -- the so-called Sublime Porte of the Ottomans, with its sultan,
concubines, eunuchs and the rest. Even in 1915, it was an anachronism,
no longer able to administer its vast territory -- much of the Middle
East and the Balkans. The empire was crumbling. The so-called Sick
Man of Europe was breathing its last. Its troops were starving, and,
both in Europe and the Middle East, indigenous peoples were declaring
their independence and rising in rebellion. Among them were the
Armenians, an ancient people who had been among the first to adopt
Christianity. By the end of the 19th century, they were engaged in
guerrilla activity. By World War I, they were aiding Turkey's enemy,
Russia. Within Turkey, Armenians were feared as a fifth column.
So contemporary Turkey is entitled to insist that things are not so
simple. If you use the word genocide, it suggests the Holocaust --
and that is not what happened in the Ottoman Empire. But Turkey has
gone beyond mere quibbling with a word. It has taken issue with the
facts and in ways that cannot be condoned. Its most famous writer,
the Nobel Prize-winning novelist Orhan Pamuk, was arrested in 2005
for acknowledging the mass killing of Armenians. The charges were
subsequently dropped, and although Turkish law has been modified in
some ways, it nevertheless remains dangerous business for a Turk to
talk openly and candidly about what happened in 1915.
It just so happens that I am an admirer of Turkey. Its modern leaders,
beginning with the truly remarkable Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, have done
a Herculean job of bringing the country from medievalism to modernity
without, it should be noted, the usual bloodbath. (The Russians, for
instance, did not manage that feat.) Furthermore, I can appreciate
Turkey's palpable desire to embrace both modernity and Islam and to
show that such a combination is not oxymoronic.
(Ironically, having a dose of genocide in your past -- the United
States and the Indians, Germany and the Jews, etc. -- is hardly "not
Western.") And I think, furthermore, that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi
should have spiked the House resolution in deference to Turkey's
immense strategic importance to the United States. She's the speaker
now, for crying out loud, not just another House member.
But for too long the Turks have been accustomed to muscling the truth,
insisting either through threats or punishment that they and they alone
will write the history of what happened in 1915. They are continuing
along this path now, with much of official Ankara threatening this
or that -- crossing into Iraqi Kurdistan, for instance -- if the
House resolution is not killed. But it may yet occur to someone
in the government that Turkey's tantrums have turned an obscure --
nonbinding! -- congressional resolution into yet another round of
tutorials on the Armenian tragedy of 1915. Call it genocide or call it
something else, but there is only one thing to call Turkey's insistence
that it and its power will determine the truth: unacceptable.
by Richard Cohen
The Washington Post
October 16, 2007 Tuesday
Regional Edition
It goes without saying that the House resolution condemning Turkey
for the "genocide" of Armenians from 1915 to 1923 will serve no
earthly purpose and that it will, to say the least, complicate if
not severely strain U.S.-Turkey relations. It goes without saying,
also, that the Turks are extremely sensitive on the topic and, since
they are helpful in the war in Iraq and are a friend to Israel, that
their feelings ought to be taken into account. All of this is true,
but I would feel a lot better about condemning this resolution if
the argument wasn't so much about how we need Turkey and not at all
about the truthfulness of the matter.
Of even that, I have some doubt. The congressional resolution
repeatedly employs the word "genocide," a term used by many scholars.
But Raphael Lemkin, the Polish-Jewish emigre who coined the term in
1943, clearly had in mind what the Nazis were doing to the Jews. If
that is the standard -- and it need not be -- then what happened in
the collapsing Ottoman Empire was something short of genocide. It
was plenty bad -- maybe as many as 1.5 million Armenians perished,
many of them outright murdered -- but not all Armenians everywhere in
what was then Turkey were as calamitously affected. The substantial
Armenian communities in Constantinople, Smyrna and Aleppo were largely
spared. No German city could make that statement about its Jews.
Still, by any name, what was begun in 1915 is unforgivable and, one
hopes, unforgettable. Yet it was done by a government that no longer
exists -- the so-called Sublime Porte of the Ottomans, with its sultan,
concubines, eunuchs and the rest. Even in 1915, it was an anachronism,
no longer able to administer its vast territory -- much of the Middle
East and the Balkans. The empire was crumbling. The so-called Sick
Man of Europe was breathing its last. Its troops were starving, and,
both in Europe and the Middle East, indigenous peoples were declaring
their independence and rising in rebellion. Among them were the
Armenians, an ancient people who had been among the first to adopt
Christianity. By the end of the 19th century, they were engaged in
guerrilla activity. By World War I, they were aiding Turkey's enemy,
Russia. Within Turkey, Armenians were feared as a fifth column.
So contemporary Turkey is entitled to insist that things are not so
simple. If you use the word genocide, it suggests the Holocaust --
and that is not what happened in the Ottoman Empire. But Turkey has
gone beyond mere quibbling with a word. It has taken issue with the
facts and in ways that cannot be condoned. Its most famous writer,
the Nobel Prize-winning novelist Orhan Pamuk, was arrested in 2005
for acknowledging the mass killing of Armenians. The charges were
subsequently dropped, and although Turkish law has been modified in
some ways, it nevertheless remains dangerous business for a Turk to
talk openly and candidly about what happened in 1915.
It just so happens that I am an admirer of Turkey. Its modern leaders,
beginning with the truly remarkable Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, have done
a Herculean job of bringing the country from medievalism to modernity
without, it should be noted, the usual bloodbath. (The Russians, for
instance, did not manage that feat.) Furthermore, I can appreciate
Turkey's palpable desire to embrace both modernity and Islam and to
show that such a combination is not oxymoronic.
(Ironically, having a dose of genocide in your past -- the United
States and the Indians, Germany and the Jews, etc. -- is hardly "not
Western.") And I think, furthermore, that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi
should have spiked the House resolution in deference to Turkey's
immense strategic importance to the United States. She's the speaker
now, for crying out loud, not just another House member.
But for too long the Turks have been accustomed to muscling the truth,
insisting either through threats or punishment that they and they alone
will write the history of what happened in 1915. They are continuing
along this path now, with much of official Ankara threatening this
or that -- crossing into Iraqi Kurdistan, for instance -- if the
House resolution is not killed. But it may yet occur to someone
in the government that Turkey's tantrums have turned an obscure --
nonbinding! -- congressional resolution into yet another round of
tutorials on the Armenian tragedy of 1915. Call it genocide or call it
something else, but there is only one thing to call Turkey's insistence
that it and its power will determine the truth: unacceptable.