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TURKEY, ARMENIA IN GROUNDBREAKING FOOTBALL DIPLOMACY
By Tatul Hakobian
Institute for War and Peace Reporting
Sept 11 2008
UK
Turkish leader's unprecedented visit to Yerevan raises hopes of better
relations, but worries conservatives in Azerbaijan as well as Armenia.
Turkish president Abdullah Gul's landmark visit to Armenia has raised
hopes that the two countries could at last be moving towards a better
relationship after many years of antagonism.
When Gul stepped smiling off an Airbus at Yerevan's Zvartnots airport
on September 6, with Mount Ararat towering in the background, it was
undoubtedly a historic moment.
For two months, Gul had given evasive answers whenever he was asked
whether he would accept the invitation of his Armenian counterpart
Serzh Sarkisian and come to Yerevan to watch the World Cup football
qualifying match between the two countries.
On September 3, he showed as much courage as Sarkisian by agreeing
to visit Armenia.
As Gul and Armenian foreign minister Eduard Nalbandian got into an
armour-plated car brought in specially from Turkey, demonstrators from
the Dashnaktsutiun party greeted the Turkish leader with whistles
and shouts of "Recognition" - meaning that Turkey should admit the
slaughter of Armenians in the early 20th century constituted genocide.
The Armenian authorities made great efforts to shield the Turkish
leader from the demonstration, which was mounted by a nationalist
party that is part of the governing coalition.
In the six hours he spent in Armenia, Gul was surrounded by
exceptionally tight security. A team of 50 Turkish security specialists
who arrived a few days beforehand had arranged for eight snipers to
be posted around the Hrazdan football stadium, and the two presidents
watched the match from behind bullet-proof glass.
The last time a senior Turkish politician visited Armenia was in 1935,
when the then prime minister Ismet Inonu crossed the frontier for a
few hours and had breakfast in the Soviet republic of Armenia.
In 1991, Ankara recognised the newly-independent state of Armenia,
as it did with Azerbaijan and Georgia. The border between the two
countries briefly re-opened, but it was closed again two years later
as Turkey backed its ally Azerbaijan in the escalating conflict over
Nagorny Karabakh.
Relations between Ankara and Yerevan have been cool ever since,
primarily because of the unresolved Karabakh conflict, but further
complicated by rows over the genocide issue.
The sense of excitement about the impending Turkish visit therefore
came as little surprise.
A huge advertising hoarding at the airport announced in Armenian and
English, "Welcome, deeply respected President Abdullah Gul. A fair
game lasts more than just 90 minutes. That is our wish."
Opposition to the visit came in the shape of several thousand
Dashnaktsutiun supporters who mounted protests on Yerevan's two main
avenues, Mashtots and Baghramian, carrying placards bearing slogans
such as "Turkey, recognise the genocide!"
Anahit Berberian, whose forebears fled from Van in eastern Anatolia,
held up a placard saying in English saying simply, "My homeland is
near Lake Van."
"The pain of the genocide passes from generation to generation," she
said. "Unfortunately I've only see Van in photographs. I think if I go
to Van, I will feel the pain of losing my homeland even more keenly."
Dashnaktsutiun leader Armen Rustamian told Turkish journalists that
the demonstration was not against the visit by President Gul, but
against Turkey's policy of genocide denial.
Rustamian said that the Armenian authorities were trying to suggest
this was a meeting with a "lost brother".
"We don't understand ourselves what steps are being undertaken -
we are insulting our own dignity," he said.
A few days before the football match, Armenia's national football
federation changed its logo. The previous one bore an image of Mount
Ararat, beloved by Armenians but located inside Turkish territory. The
new one merely shows a football. Mount Ararat also disappeared from
the national team's shirts.
In recent months, Armenian national television has refrained from
broadcasting anti-Turkish programmes.
Former president and opposition leader Levon Ter-Petrosian welcomed
the visit, but Sarkisian's predecessor Robert Kocharian said that if he
were still president, he would not have invited the Turkish president.
When he was in power, Kocharian had made it a cornerstone of his
foreign policy to secure an admission of genocide. By contrast,
Sarkisian barely mentions the topic and has said, "Without forgetting
the past, we should look into the future."
The match, which Turkey won 2-0, was the last stop on Gul's brief
itinerary. Earlier in the day, he went to the presidential palace
and met Sarkisian.
Standing in the September sun in front of the Armenian tricolour and
the Turkish crescent, the two leaders shook hands and smiled.
Journalists, including 200 or so who had arrived from Turkey,
had little to report on and were kept a long way away from the
presidents. Only one television camera filmed the meeting, and the
pictures were broadcast on all television channels.
As the football stadium is situated right next to a hill where
Armenia's Genocide Memorial is located, the Turks insisted that no
photographs of Gul be taken in the vicinity to avoid the memorial
appearing in the background.
According to the Armenian president's press service, his discussion
with Gul centred on establishing normal relations between their
countries, and also on developments in the region as a whole.
Gul invited Sarkisian to pay a return visit to Istanbul, where the
two football teams are due to play each other again in October 2009.
Sarkisian said that once a dialogue had been established, it would
become possible to discuss even the most difficult questions. "We
should strive to resolve existing problems sooner, and not leave this
burden to future generations," he said.
On his return home, Gul told journalists he hoped his visit would
contribute to resolving the Nagorny Karabakh conflict, which he
described as "the most important issue in the Caucasus".
"We are also gratified that Armenia supports Turkey's idea of a
creating a platform for stability and cooperation in the Caucasus,"
he said, in reference to Ankara's proposal for a new "stability pact"
in which Russia and Turkey would work with the three states of the
South Caucasus to prevent conflict.
In an interview with RFE/RL radio, Gul said he supported the current
Karabakh peace process, but commented that it had "failed to achieve
significant results".
"Now, in the Caucasus, the stones have been moved and we are also
making an effort and we are making our move. If the move brings
results, then we will all be happy," said Gul.
In a sign that Turkey is planning a more active role in the region,
Gul visited Azerbaijan on September 10.
In Azerbaijan, his visit to Armenia met with a mixed reaction.
The radical Karabakh Liberation Organisation, which believes Azerbaijan
should be prepared to use military force to end the impasse, condemned
Gul, saying, "The leadership of Turkey is ready to sacrifice both
Azerbaijan and Turkey for its own interests."
Rasim Musabekov, a political analyst in Baku, suggested that Turkey's
latest diplomatic drive was a reaction to the conflict between Russia
and Georgia. It was, he said, a clear response to the "rather dangerous
challenges and crisis in the region that resulted from the Russian
intervention in Georgia and the de facto annexation of Abkhazia and
South Ossetia".
Zardusht Alizade, a political analyst aligned with the opposition
in Azerbaijan, compared the initiative Gul took by visiting Armenia
to the period of "ping-pong diplomacy" between the United States and
China in the 1970s and called it "a very wise step, a very bold step
on the road to beginning an intensive dialogue".
"I think that Gul took a very positive step which will serve to
improve relations between Armenia and Turkey and will increase the
level of security and mutual understanding in the region," he said.
Tatul Hakobian is a commentator with the English-language Armenian
Reporter newspaper, published in the United States. Shahin Rzayev in
Baku contributed to this report.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress
By Tatul Hakobian
Institute for War and Peace Reporting
Sept 11 2008
UK
Turkish leader's unprecedented visit to Yerevan raises hopes of better
relations, but worries conservatives in Azerbaijan as well as Armenia.
Turkish president Abdullah Gul's landmark visit to Armenia has raised
hopes that the two countries could at last be moving towards a better
relationship after many years of antagonism.
When Gul stepped smiling off an Airbus at Yerevan's Zvartnots airport
on September 6, with Mount Ararat towering in the background, it was
undoubtedly a historic moment.
For two months, Gul had given evasive answers whenever he was asked
whether he would accept the invitation of his Armenian counterpart
Serzh Sarkisian and come to Yerevan to watch the World Cup football
qualifying match between the two countries.
On September 3, he showed as much courage as Sarkisian by agreeing
to visit Armenia.
As Gul and Armenian foreign minister Eduard Nalbandian got into an
armour-plated car brought in specially from Turkey, demonstrators from
the Dashnaktsutiun party greeted the Turkish leader with whistles
and shouts of "Recognition" - meaning that Turkey should admit the
slaughter of Armenians in the early 20th century constituted genocide.
The Armenian authorities made great efforts to shield the Turkish
leader from the demonstration, which was mounted by a nationalist
party that is part of the governing coalition.
In the six hours he spent in Armenia, Gul was surrounded by
exceptionally tight security. A team of 50 Turkish security specialists
who arrived a few days beforehand had arranged for eight snipers to
be posted around the Hrazdan football stadium, and the two presidents
watched the match from behind bullet-proof glass.
The last time a senior Turkish politician visited Armenia was in 1935,
when the then prime minister Ismet Inonu crossed the frontier for a
few hours and had breakfast in the Soviet republic of Armenia.
In 1991, Ankara recognised the newly-independent state of Armenia,
as it did with Azerbaijan and Georgia. The border between the two
countries briefly re-opened, but it was closed again two years later
as Turkey backed its ally Azerbaijan in the escalating conflict over
Nagorny Karabakh.
Relations between Ankara and Yerevan have been cool ever since,
primarily because of the unresolved Karabakh conflict, but further
complicated by rows over the genocide issue.
The sense of excitement about the impending Turkish visit therefore
came as little surprise.
A huge advertising hoarding at the airport announced in Armenian and
English, "Welcome, deeply respected President Abdullah Gul. A fair
game lasts more than just 90 minutes. That is our wish."
Opposition to the visit came in the shape of several thousand
Dashnaktsutiun supporters who mounted protests on Yerevan's two main
avenues, Mashtots and Baghramian, carrying placards bearing slogans
such as "Turkey, recognise the genocide!"
Anahit Berberian, whose forebears fled from Van in eastern Anatolia,
held up a placard saying in English saying simply, "My homeland is
near Lake Van."
"The pain of the genocide passes from generation to generation," she
said. "Unfortunately I've only see Van in photographs. I think if I go
to Van, I will feel the pain of losing my homeland even more keenly."
Dashnaktsutiun leader Armen Rustamian told Turkish journalists that
the demonstration was not against the visit by President Gul, but
against Turkey's policy of genocide denial.
Rustamian said that the Armenian authorities were trying to suggest
this was a meeting with a "lost brother".
"We don't understand ourselves what steps are being undertaken -
we are insulting our own dignity," he said.
A few days before the football match, Armenia's national football
federation changed its logo. The previous one bore an image of Mount
Ararat, beloved by Armenians but located inside Turkish territory. The
new one merely shows a football. Mount Ararat also disappeared from
the national team's shirts.
In recent months, Armenian national television has refrained from
broadcasting anti-Turkish programmes.
Former president and opposition leader Levon Ter-Petrosian welcomed
the visit, but Sarkisian's predecessor Robert Kocharian said that if he
were still president, he would not have invited the Turkish president.
When he was in power, Kocharian had made it a cornerstone of his
foreign policy to secure an admission of genocide. By contrast,
Sarkisian barely mentions the topic and has said, "Without forgetting
the past, we should look into the future."
The match, which Turkey won 2-0, was the last stop on Gul's brief
itinerary. Earlier in the day, he went to the presidential palace
and met Sarkisian.
Standing in the September sun in front of the Armenian tricolour and
the Turkish crescent, the two leaders shook hands and smiled.
Journalists, including 200 or so who had arrived from Turkey,
had little to report on and were kept a long way away from the
presidents. Only one television camera filmed the meeting, and the
pictures were broadcast on all television channels.
As the football stadium is situated right next to a hill where
Armenia's Genocide Memorial is located, the Turks insisted that no
photographs of Gul be taken in the vicinity to avoid the memorial
appearing in the background.
According to the Armenian president's press service, his discussion
with Gul centred on establishing normal relations between their
countries, and also on developments in the region as a whole.
Gul invited Sarkisian to pay a return visit to Istanbul, where the
two football teams are due to play each other again in October 2009.
Sarkisian said that once a dialogue had been established, it would
become possible to discuss even the most difficult questions. "We
should strive to resolve existing problems sooner, and not leave this
burden to future generations," he said.
On his return home, Gul told journalists he hoped his visit would
contribute to resolving the Nagorny Karabakh conflict, which he
described as "the most important issue in the Caucasus".
"We are also gratified that Armenia supports Turkey's idea of a
creating a platform for stability and cooperation in the Caucasus,"
he said, in reference to Ankara's proposal for a new "stability pact"
in which Russia and Turkey would work with the three states of the
South Caucasus to prevent conflict.
In an interview with RFE/RL radio, Gul said he supported the current
Karabakh peace process, but commented that it had "failed to achieve
significant results".
"Now, in the Caucasus, the stones have been moved and we are also
making an effort and we are making our move. If the move brings
results, then we will all be happy," said Gul.
In a sign that Turkey is planning a more active role in the region,
Gul visited Azerbaijan on September 10.
In Azerbaijan, his visit to Armenia met with a mixed reaction.
The radical Karabakh Liberation Organisation, which believes Azerbaijan
should be prepared to use military force to end the impasse, condemned
Gul, saying, "The leadership of Turkey is ready to sacrifice both
Azerbaijan and Turkey for its own interests."
Rasim Musabekov, a political analyst in Baku, suggested that Turkey's
latest diplomatic drive was a reaction to the conflict between Russia
and Georgia. It was, he said, a clear response to the "rather dangerous
challenges and crisis in the region that resulted from the Russian
intervention in Georgia and the de facto annexation of Abkhazia and
South Ossetia".
Zardusht Alizade, a political analyst aligned with the opposition
in Azerbaijan, compared the initiative Gul took by visiting Armenia
to the period of "ping-pong diplomacy" between the United States and
China in the 1970s and called it "a very wise step, a very bold step
on the road to beginning an intensive dialogue".
"I think that Gul took a very positive step which will serve to
improve relations between Armenia and Turkey and will increase the
level of security and mutual understanding in the region," he said.
Tatul Hakobian is a commentator with the English-language Armenian
Reporter newspaper, published in the United States. Shahin Rzayev in
Baku contributed to this report.
From: Emil Lazarian | Ararat NewsPress