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ANKARA: The Fundamental Design Flaw Of The Turkish Republic

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  • ANKARA: The Fundamental Design Flaw Of The Turkish Republic

    THE FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN FLAW OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC
    Mustafa Akyol

    Hurriyet Daily News
    Dec 18 2009

    In the beginning, the state said, 'Let there be no Kurds.' And it
    hoped that everybody would see this official light, and see that
    it was good On May 1, 1920, Mustafa Kemal, who would soon be the
    founder of the Turkish Republic, delivered an important speech at
    the Parliament in Ankara.

    "The people who have formed this supreme assembly are not just
    Turks," he said. "They are also Circassians, Kurds or Laz. They
    are all different components of Islam. They all respect each other,
    and each other's ethnic, social and geographic rights."

    That was the time of Turkey's War of Liberation (1919-1922). As the
    leader of this national struggle to save the homeland from European
    invaders, Mustafa Kemal used rhetoric that would appeal to all
    "components of Islam" in Asia Minor. (The non-Muslim component,
    the Armenians, was tragically expelled in 1915.)

    The Republic to end all peace

    In fact, Kemal was personally not the greatest fan of Islam, and
    believed in Turkish nationalism rather than a pluralist nation of
    various identities. But it was not the right time to voice such views.

    So, over the next two years, he continued to speak about the
    "brotherhood" of all Muslim peoples, and especially the Turks and
    the Kurds, the two largest groups in Anatolia. Most Kurds put their
    faith in this message and supported the War of Liberation.

    Once the war was won, however, Kemal's rhetoric rapidly changed. When
    he announced the formation of the Turkish Republic in October 1923,
    he was no longer speaking of the "components of Islam that respect
    each other" but only "the Turkish nation." The Constitution he
    orchestrated the following year took a bolder step. "The people of
    Turkey," it announced, "are all called Turks regardless of their
    creed and ethnicity."

    The same year, Kemal also abolished the Caliphate and banned all
    Islamic schools, both highly popular among the religiously conservative
    Kurds of southeastern Anatolia.

    The response came in early 1925, when a Kurdish revolt led by an
    Islamic sheik broke out. In return, the Kemalist government not
    only brutally suppressed the revolt, but also established martial
    law in the entire country, closing down opposition parties and even
    nongovernmental organizations. This heavy-handed policy led to other
    Kurdish revolts, which were, again, suppressed brutally. In the one
    that broke out in Dersim in 1937, the city was bombed by war planes.

    One of the bomber pilots was Sabiha Gökcen, the adopted daughter of
    Mustafa Kemal, whose name was recently given to the second airport
    in Istanbul. (The first one, of course, is named after her father,
    who took the surname Ataturk, "the father of all Turks," in 1934.)

    While suppressing the Kurdish revolts, Ataturk also initiated a
    policy of "Turkification." Through education and propaganda, the
    Kurds were to be convinced that they were actually Turks who had
    regrettably forgotten their identity. "Our Diyarbakır is the home
    of the pure Oguz Turk [of Central Asia]," Ataturk said in 1932. "We
    are all children of that home."

    "The land of the Turk is great, and it is only him that is great on
    Earth," he added. "The Turk fills everywhere. And the face of the
    Turk enlightens every corner."

    This cult of Turkishness was the Kemalist solution to the Kurdish
    question. If the state venerated Turkishness enough, while banning all
    expressions of Kurdishness, or so the reasoning went, the "problem"
    would be solved.

    >>From state to society

    That was the fundamental design flaw of the Turkish Republic: The
    belief that the state has the right, and the power, to transform the
    society into whatever it wills.

    The state simply said, "Let there be no Kurds." And it hoped that
    everybody would see this official light, and see that it was good.

    Personally, I object to this project on philosophical grounds. I
    believe that society, and the individuals that make up it, precede
    the state. Thus the state should be constructed according to the
    aspirations of the society - not the other way around.

    But even those Turks who don't have such philosophical objections to
    the state's right to transform society are now at least accepting that
    it lacks the power to do so. Even some Kemalists now realize that the
    Kurds cannot be "educated" anymore to realize that they are actually
    "pure Oguz Turks."

    So what should we do now?

    The rational answer is to fix the fundamental design flaw of the
    Republic. To make it, in another words, a democratic state that
    respects the plurality of the society, rather than an authoritarian
    one that imposes an official identity and ideology.

    This is what the liberal intellectuals who yearn for a "Second
    Republic" have been arguing all along. And the incumbent Justice
    and Development Party, or AKP, despite its all other mistakes and
    shortcomings, has taken the boldest steps toward this democratization
    since 2002.

    However, we face two huge obstacles: First, many Turks are passionately
    devoted to preserving the design flaw, which has become a part of
    their national secular religion. They are resisting change by all
    means necessary.

    Secondly, some Kurds have become so nationalist now that it might not
    be possible to win them over anymore with democratic reforms. Their
    resentment to the rest of Turkey has reached levels that are really
    hard to reconcile.

    The design flaw of the Republic, in other words, has created a very
    flawed society as well.

    That is why I am not terribly optimistic about the future of this
    matter.
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