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  • Gunaysu: Kurds Challenge Turkish Nation-State

    Gunaysu: Kurds Challenge Turkish Nation-State

    http://news.google.com/news/search?pz=1&cf=all&ned=us&hl=en&q=armenia+OR+Armenian+OR+armenians+OR+karabakh&cf=all&scoring=n

    Fri, Jan 21 2011

    By: Ayse Gunaysu



    On Dec. 20, 2010, Turkish members of parliament, including the
    ultra-nationalist MHP, Islamist AKP, nationalist CHP, and others, were
    listening to the tall woman addressing the session during the
    budgetary discussions for the Ministry of Tourism and Culture. "Rafael
    Lemkin says genocide is not only about the extermination of the
    representatives of a nation but also annihilation of its cultural and
    national values," she was saying. "Today, of the 913 Armenian
    monuments remaining after 1923, 464 have been totally destroyed, 252
    left to a state of dilapidation, and 197 in urgent need of
    restoration. Many of the Armenian religious buildings are being used
    as stables or storehouses, and many of the Armenian churches have been
    turned into mosques. Armenians in 1915 were driven out of their own
    homeland. Suffering, exile, and destitution all combined into Armenian
    people's painful outcry." She went on to quote Armenian singer Aram
    Tigran's words: "A storm blew away our nest, leaving us orphans,
    exiled, longing for our nest even if it is made of stone." She
    concluded: "Turkish governments' refusal of Aram Tigran's last wish to
    be buried in Diyarbakir is proof that the punishment imposed on
    Armenians does not end even after their death."

    The speaker was Pervin Buldan, a member of the Kurdish Peace and
    Democracy Party from Igdir, one of the places that suffered worst
    during the Armenian Genocide. She is also the widow of Savas Buldan, a
    Kurdish businessman, who was one of the victims of the infamous
    unsolved murders of the 1990's. Savas Buldan's dead body was found on
    the roadside in 1994 after being kidnapped by "unidentified" persons
    shortly after then-Prime Minister Tansu Ciller declared that he knew
    the identities of the Kurdish businessmen financially supporting the
    PKK (Kurdish Workers' Party) and would do away with them. One year
    later, a parliamentary commission prepared a report on these unsolved
    murders, but was never published; the commission had explicitly stated
    that the state's secret forces had been involved in the murders.

    Ten days before Pervin Buldan's parliamentary speech, on Dec. 10 at a
    workshop on the Kurdish Question organized by the Socialist Democracy
    Party in Istanbul, Galip Enserioglu, the chairman of the Diyarbakir
    Chamber of Industry and Commerce, was addressing the audience, telling
    them that Armenians were massacred "at the hands of Kurds." "We,
    Kurds, are now paying for our past sins," he stated. "The Ittihadists
    had decided to found this nation-state and we, the Kurds, let alone
    watching as bystanders what they did to Armenians and other
    non-Muslims, we actively became their tool. Armenians were massacred
    by our own hands."

    Alliance against the common foe


    These speeches were delivered at a time when a surge of national
    indignation dominated the Turkish political scene in response to Kurds
    declaring "democratic autonomy" and the start of a de facto "bilingual
    life"--with Kurdish appearing in the written form in every aspect of
    life, from price labels at traditional open-air marketsto the official
    sphere, such as on signs at municipality buildings in Kurdish
    provinces. During trials of the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK), the
    alleged urban extension of the outlawed PKK, suspects, among them some
    BDP mayors and chairpersons of local branches of the Human Rights
    Association, had asked to be able to defend themselves in Kurdish, a
    demand rejected by the court. When some of the defendants submitted
    their defenses in Kurdish, the president of the court said the
    suspects spoke in "an unknown language." In order to protest this, the
    BDP started to hold its parliamentary group meetings partially in
    Kurdish.

    This move met with outrage equally vehement on both wings of power in
    Turkey: the Turkish military and its hate figure AKP government,
    revealing the fact that the two are allies against the Kurds, whether
    they are engaged in an armed movement or in peaceful political
    activity. The speaker of parliament, AKP Deputy Mehmet Ali Sahin,
    recalled that to speak in another language in parliament was cause to
    disband a political party, and urged public prosecutors to start legal
    action against the BDP. Simultaneously the Turkish General Staff
    issued a statement in which it condemned the BDP's attempt at a
    bilingual life, stating that such debates were against the founding
    philosophy of the Turkish Republic and therefore created "great
    concern." The statement predictably included a sentence that, as
    everyone in Turkey knows, meant threat of military intervention. "The
    Turkish Armed Forces," it said, "have always and will continue to
    stand for the protection of the united, secular nation state that is
    indicated in the constitution."

    The much-resented Democratic Autonomy is described by the Democratic
    Society Congress (DTK)--an organization of Kurds comprising
    intellectuals, representatives from civil society organizations,
    politicians, and members of the BDP--as the organizational model going
    from bottom to top, and encompassing village, neighborhood, district,
    and provincial parliaments on the basis of confederations. At the top
    of this organizational structure will be the DTK, which will send
    representatives to the Turkish Parliament.

    Now a few words about the KCK case: The first wave of arrests in April
    2009 focused mostly on BDP (then DTP) activists. Subsequent operations
    steadily climbed up the political hierarchy and began to encompass
    former mayors and elected city council members. Finally, amid complete
    international silence, the arrests peaked on Dec. 24, 2009, with the
    arrests of elected mayors Hatip Dicle and Muharrem Erbey, chairman of
    the Diyarbakir IHD branch. The 7,587-page indictment dealing with the
    most senior suspects targeted in the KCK operations reveals that these
    people were being persecuted for peaceful political activities. As
    Emin Aktar, chairman of the Diyarbakir Bar Association, has pointed
    out, no one is being accused of using weapons or bombs, only of
    organizing civil protests; people's participation in funeral services
    for fallen PKK guerrillas is also repeatedly presented as criminal.
    Erbey's offenses include participation in a commission of legal
    experts established under DTK auspices to study Turkey's constitution
    and make proposals for its amendment. Significantly, despite every
    legitimate reason, the court declined the repeated demands for release
    of those defendants who have been in jail for more than a year without
    any court ruling establishing their guilt.

    This wave of arrests came after last year's Kurdish "opening" fiasco.
    The government had first declared that they would take steps to bring
    about a solution to the Kurdish Question. Right after, a group of
    guerrillas left their arms and turned themselves into Turkish security
    forces with enthusiastic mass demonstrations by the Kurds welcoming
    them. The nationalist front in Turkey rose up in protest of this peace
    initiative and the government immediately made a U-turn, arresting the
    guerillas, and following with these mass arrests and the KCK case
    targeting the peaceful Kurdish political movement.

    Kurds: The first to recognize Armenian Genocide


    It is no coincidence that it was the Kurds, the main, unyielding, and
    massive opponent of the system in Turkey since the foundation of the
    Republic, particularly for the last three decades of armed struggle,
    who first publicly pronounced their recognition of the Armenian and
    Assyrian Genocide of 1915-16, long before Turkish intellectuals.

    Recep Marasli was the first. A Kurdish intellectual, writer, and
    political activist, Marasli was one of the victims of the torture
    house of Diyarbakir Prison. He was one of the defendants in in the
    famous Rizgari-Ala Rizgari case trialed by the Diyarbakir Military
    Court after the 1980 military coup (Rizgari was one of the major
    Kurdish national movements in Turkey). Marasli was an inmate in the
    Istanbul Alemdag Military Prison in 1982 when "Armenian
    organizations," as he calls them, began a series of attacks on Turkish
    diplomats. Racist hatred dominated the headlines of the newspapers,
    and prisoners suspected to be of Armenian origin were particularly
    subjected to even more barbaric tortures in Diyarbakir Prison.
    Marasli, together with a friend, prepared a brochure about the
    Armenian Genocide, challenging the official history and giving an
    account of the crimes against humanity committed against the Ottoman
    Armenians. The brochure was secretly circulated among the prisoners,
    and later formed a part of Marasli's legal defense submitted to the
    military court, The defense was published as a book by the Komal
    Publishing House in Duisburg and Istanbul in 1986, and covered the
    topic of the Armenian Genocide between pages 286 and 292. From 1982
    on, every year until his release, on April 24 Marasli's small group
    commemorated the genocide in various ways, depending on the
    circumstances-sometimes putting a hand-made poster on the wall of the
    ward, sometimes organizing a seminar, sometimes circulating a leaflet.

    This is how he recalls his first acquaintance with the fate of the
    Armenians in Turkey and his steps to raise awareness of it, in the
    preface of his book on the Armenian Genocide published in Turkey in
    2008.1 Since 1982, Marasli has devoted much of his time to learning
    more about the Armenian Genocide and the above-mentioned book was the
    result of his work of many years.

    It seems that Turkish prisons played a great role in the awakening
    amongst Kurds of the truth about Armenians. Naci Kutlay, another
    well-known Kurdish writer and intellectual, refers to an even earlier
    stage in Turkey's recent history-the military intervention in 1971,
    when he and his Kurdish socialist comrades were tried at military
    courts. He recalls that during the hearings, court records revealed
    the Armenian origins of many of the Kurdish defendants, which was a
    total surprise to many of their friends. This was when he was first
    faced with the truth that Kurds had massacred Armenians, not only
    because of government lies that made them believe the Armenians would
    establish a state and persecute Kurds, and not only because of
    religious hatred, but also because of their greed for Armenian
    wealth.2

    Naci Kutlay and Recep Marasli are not the only Kurdish dissidents who
    have acknowledged the truth. For the past few decades, many Kurdish
    intellectuals have publicly expressed their shame over the Kurds' role
    in the genocide and have apologized in interviews published in various
    magazines and newspapers. One of them is Orhan Miroglu, a Kurdish
    intellectual and another victim of the Diyarbakir Prison who was shot
    and seriously wounded during the assassination of the legendary
    Kurdish writer, poet, and activist Musa Anter in Diyarbakir in 1992.
    In an interview with a journalist from the daily Birgun, in response
    to what he thought of the "Armenian Genocide allegations," Miroglu
    said: "The Armenian Genocide is not an allegation. It is a fact even
    acknowledged by the Turkish Republic's founding ideology of Kemalism
    [in the past]. Even Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was quoted in General
    Harbord's report on the Armenian Question to have said 'we guarantee
    that no other Turkish atrocity will take place against Armenians.' The
    CUP (Committee of Union and Progress) planned a genocide targeting
    Armenians. Kurds were the accomplices of this genocide. Kurds should
    apologize to Armenians for the genocide in the name of friendship and
    peace. I, as a Kurdish intellectual, apologize to Armenians. In order
    to come to terms with our past we have to apologize [to Armenians]."

    Kurds on forefront of struggle for democratic Turkey


    Now Kurds are struggling for their national identity, and also for a
    more democratic Turkey, against a block of allied forces in defense of
    the nation-state, i.e. the Turkish military, the nationalist front in
    general, and the ruling AKP that had asked (and succeeded to some
    extent) to get the votes of the left-wing, democratic, progressive
    sections of the population, swearing that they stood for democracy and
    human rights against the militaristic Kemalist establishment.

    Today, Jan. 13, 2011, the KCK trial resumed in Diyarbakir and now I'm
    listening on the TV to the news agencies' reports about the violent
    clashes between demonstrators and security forces in the city, as well
    as in other Kurdish provinces, such as Hakkari, Cizre, Nusaybin and
    Batman, as thousands of people demand justice for the KCK defendants.
    It's being reported that during the hearing the microphone was turned
    off when the first defendant started to speak in Kurdish.

    It is clear enough that no progress can take place in Turkey without
    Kurds first gaining ground in their struggle for the recognition of
    their rights and for democracy in Turkey. The future of Turkey depends
    to a great extent on the success of the Kurdish political movement,
    backed by dynamic masses rising for their rights, in making the
    Turkish nation-state finally accept to abandon the old ways of ruling
    and take a new road towards a future with greater justice for all.

    As for the nature of the Kurdish reality in the past and in the
    present, it should not be considered as a paradox that Kurds were at
    the same time both perpetrators and saviors in 1915 (especially the
    Alevi Kurds in Dersim) because there has never been a single uniform
    Kurdish (or other) identity completely independent of individual, or
    regional, or social, or cultural differences. Similarly it is not a
    paradox that a group in a specific period in history acted as the
    perpetrators of a crime against another group, but also became the
    victim of their common oppressor. And thirdly it is not a paradox when
    members of a group that had been the perpetrators at the time later
    became the first to acknowledge the guilt and apologize--especially if
    it has also suffered. It's just that one cannot put life and its
    actors into ready-made compartments. That's why life is much more
    complicated, much more contradictory, and holds much more hope for the
    better despite the prevalence of injustice and suffering.

    But it should not be unexpected that the same land--the homeland of
    Armenians and Kurds --continues to bleed. Because it is the crime
    scene. No good can grow in the soil of a crime scene until justice is
    served. Only then can the dead, the Armenian and Assyrian victims of
    the genocide who are denied a gravestone, be duly and respectfully
    buried in the hearts of the living; can the dead's suffering spirits
    be freed of their agony and be able to retreat to their eternal
    peaceful sleep. Only then can the soil of the crime scene start to be
    fertile again, for the Kurds and for us all, bearing fruit again and
    feeding its children.

    1. Recep Marasli, Ermeni Ulusal Demokratik Hareketi ve 1915
    Soykırımı (The Armenian National Democratic Movement and 1915
    Genocide), Peri Publishing House, Istanbul: 2008.

    2. See http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:jic4Agcy2egJ:www.radikal.com.tr/ek_haber.php%3Fek%3Dr2%26haberno%3D6710+K%C3%BCrtler+ve+Ermeniler&cd=1&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr.




    From: A. Papazian
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