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Istanbul: Healing Wounds: Seeking Closure For The Armenian Massacres

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  • Istanbul: Healing Wounds: Seeking Closure For The Armenian Massacres

    HEALING WOUNDS: SEEKING CLOSURE FOR THE ARMENIAN MASSACRES
    by Richard Falk & Hilal Elver

    Today's Zaman
    http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268113-healing-wounds-seeking-closure-for-the-armenian-massacres-by-richard-falk-hilal-elver*.html
    Jan 9 2012
    Turkey

    Recently the National Assembly, France's lower legislative chamber,
    voted to criminalize the denial of the Armenian genocide in 1915,
    imposing a potential prison sentence of up to one year as well as a
    maximum fine of 45,000 euros.

    The timing of this controversial initiative seemed to represent a
    rather blatant Nicolas Sarkozy bid for the votes of the 500,000 French
    citizens of Armenian descent in the upcoming presidential election. It
    follows similar pre-election initiatives in 2001 when the French
    Parliament officially declared that the massacres of Armenians in
    1915 were an instance of genocide and in 2006 when the assembly first
    voted to criminalize Armenian genocide denial, an initiative that
    did not become law because the French Senate failed to give its assent.

    For obvious reasons, the assembly's action was perceived by Turkey
    as a hostile and provocative undertaking. The Turkish government,
    which has so far refused to describe the 1915 events as "genocide,"
    immediately reacted, warning France of adverse economic consequences
    if such a move went forward, and has both withdrawn its ambassador
    and frozen inter-governmental economic relations. The Turkish
    prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, denounced the move in the
    French Assembly initiated by a member of Sarkozy's party and said
    that, instead of condemning Turkey, France should busy itself with
    determining whether its tactics in Algeria, responsible for as many
    Algerian deaths during the 1950s, constituted genocide.

    There are many issues raised by this turn for the worse in
    French-Turkish relations. Perhaps the most important is whether
    it is ever justifiable to criminalize the expression of an opinion
    about a historical event that goes against a societal consensus. It
    is true that genocide or Holocaust denial can be hurtful to those
    who are survivors or descendants of survivors, and identify with the
    victims of such severe wrongdoing, but whether the sensitivities of
    these communities should be protected by criminal law seems dubious,
    conflicting with freedom of expression and censuring inquiries
    into historical occurrences that are unpopular, controversial and
    provocative. It would seem that social pressure should be sufficient
    to deter all but the most extremist instances of denial if a genuine
    consensus exists. In this instance, such criminalization is especially
    unfortunate as even if the facts are reasonably well established,
    the relevance of genocide is ambiguous and somewhat problematic from
    a legal perspective.

    Criminalization of denial raising tensions

    And here, where Turkey has not yet been willing to describe the events
    of 1915 as "genocide," the criminalization of the denial is more
    likely to raise tensions that encourage a long overdue accommodation.

    In Turkey there continues to be some questioning of the character
    of the events in question, not their tragic character or even a
    willingness to condemn Ottoman wrongdoing, but there remains a Turkish
    governmental and societal reluctance to pin the label of genocide
    on these occurrences. It is well known that the Armenian diaspora
    has long been seeking to induce key governments around the world to
    make a formal declaration that what happened in 1915 was genocide,
    and some 25 governments have done so, as have many lesser political
    entities such as sub-divisions of the state or cities.

    The discourse on genocide is confusing and multi-layered. We need
    to distinguish genocide as a crime in international law from the
    political assessment of historical events as genocide due to a clear
    pattern of deliberate killing of an ethnic or religious group. And
    such a political assessment needs to be further distinguished from a
    moral condemnation of a pattern designed to destroy systematically a
    beleaguered minority that might properly be described as "genocidal,"
    or what has been more recently described as "ethnic cleansing" in the
    setting of Bosnia, which is distinct from the judicially pronounced
    "genocide" that shook the foundations of Rwanda in 1994.

    >From a legal perspective it is difficult to call these events in 1915
    as genocide. After all, the word did not exist until coined by Rafael
    Lemkin in 1943, and the crime was not so delimited until the Genocide
    Convention came into force in 1951. Beyond this, the indictments at
    Nuremberg did not charge the surviving Nazi leaders with genocide,
    but convicted these Germans of "crimes against humanity" for their
    connection with genocidal conduct. If the Holocaust did not seem to
    the Nuremberg tribunal to be a distinct crime, then it seems even
    less plausible to regard the Armenian tragedy as genocide. When the UN
    expert body, the International Law Commission, put into words what was
    done at Nuremberg it explicitly invoked the Roman dictum prohibiting
    retroactivity: no crime without law (nullum crimen sine lege).

    At the same time, if what took place in 1915 were to have occurred
    anytime after the Genocide Convention became effective, it would
    seem to qualify as genocide. The International Court of Justice
    in examining the Bosnian allegations of genocide, put the bar high
    by requiring written or documentary evidence of a clear intent by
    Serb governmental leaders to commit the crime of genocide (except
    in relation to the horrific massacre of several thousand Bosnian
    males at Srebrenica in 1995), but if such evidence was difficult to
    present in relation to wider Bosnian events in the 1990s, then it
    seems almost impossible in relation to Armenian claims dating back
    almost a century. If this reasoning is accepted, it has two important
    implications: It could provide some political space for bringing
    closure to the issue: Turkey could formally declare that if what
    happened to the Armenians in 1915 took place in the 1960s it would
    have been genocide, while those on the Armenian side could accept the
    idea that the 1915 massacres were not then genocide, but that their
    extent and character would constitute genocide if taking place now.

    Possible mutual benefits

    It seems to me that such an approach would have mutual benefits. It
    would bring a conflict that has endured for decades nearer to closure.

    It would allow Armenians to regard their victimization as genocide from
    a political and moral perspective, while enabling Turkey to make such a
    concession without fearing such legal implications as Armenian demands
    for reparations and the recovery of lost property. Turkish good faith
    and remorse could be further expressed by appropriating funds for
    the establishment of a major museum of Armenian History and Culture
    in Ankara and by recognizing April 24 as a day of Armenian remembrance.

    Of course, such an approach could only succeed if there is good will
    and a search for positive relations between the two peoples. It is
    to be expected that extremists on both sides would object to such an
    accommodation. There would not be complete satisfaction even among
    the majority of Armenians and Turks, but there would be a new opening
    that would allow a more benevolent future to unfold for both peoples.

    *Richard Falk is a professor emeritus of international law and practice
    who taught at Princeton University for 40 years. Hilal Elver is an
    instructor at UC Santa Barbara.

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