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Al- Anfal And The Final Solution Were Two Facades Of One Coin Called

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  • Al- Anfal And The Final Solution Were Two Facades Of One Coin Called

    AL- ANFAL AND THE FINAL SOLUTION WERE TWO FACADES OF ONE COIN CALLED GENOCIDE
    By Eamad Mazouri

    Kurdish Media, UK
    Sept 28 2006

    Mass graves in Iraq
    Archive photo
    As, I was preparing to write this article, and to my delight, I read,
    that soon in Denmark, there would be a seminar focusing mainly on
    Al-Anfal, The Final Solution and the Armenian Massacre before and
    during WWI. Seminar: al-Anfal, Holocaust and Armenian genocide

    More than once, I have promoted the idea that Kurds should never
    let the world fail to remember about the massacres they have been
    subjected to in their more recent history. The main focused subject of
    the Kurdish media must remains the Genocide committed against Kurdish
    population, mostly civilians, including the use of weapon of mass
    destruction, such as chemicals and biological by Saddam's regime. Major
    resources need to be put at the disposal of those efforts to remind
    the world incessantly of these horrendous atrocities. Grand Monuments
    should be erected and seminars and symposiums ought to be organized
    to keep this painful memory constantly alive in the consciousness of
    mankind forever.

    This subject matter is gaining more momentum as the trial of deposed
    dictator Saddam Hussein, his cousin Ali Hasan Al-Majid (known by
    Kurds as Ali the Chemical) and the other 6 co-defendants has started.

    Their charges range from war crimes to crimes against humanity and
    Genocide.

    Those who are following the trial have by now witnessed the gripping
    testimonies of surviving Kurds. Horror stories and heart wrenching
    tales of how Kurdish villages and towns were destroyed and demolished,
    how people were exterminated and the rest rounded up, men, women and
    children separated and mass transported like cattle to concentration
    camps in various places build specifically for this purpose, and
    some to the southern and western deserts left for certain death in
    a very systematic method and operation dedicated to it most of the
    state's institutions and apparatus. Not to mention the mass graves,
    those are being discovered on daily basis all over Iraq.

    For those who have lived under the regime and are familiar with its
    diabolic nature, it came as no surprise the insolent attitude of
    the dictator and his co-culprits by not showing a slightest sign of
    remorse towards the victims or the ordeal of those survived. On the
    contrary, they have been defiant to the court and the suffering of
    the victims. This psychotic behaviour should tell the court and the
    whole world what these characters are about, what they have done and
    what they are capable of doing if given another chance.

    Twentieth century has been described as a bloody one. Many mass-
    murders based on hatred were committed against certain groups of people
    in order to annihilate that particular group. These include but are
    not limited to Ottomans' massacres against Armenians, the holocausts
    against Jews, Genocide acts in Bosnia, Rwanda and finally in Kurdistan.

    Once again, I emphasize that Kurds in general; their friends and
    sympathizers, the civilized world and the entire humanity should never
    let the world forget these horrible atrocities. No group of people has
    to live in fear of being subjected once more to such a crime, ever
    again. This task falls on the shoulders of every decent human being
    to try to eliminate that awful possibility. However, I must point
    out that although the world of post WWII and Holocausts thought for
    once that no such crimes could or should be recurring again, it did,
    and repeatedly in various countries, and in the latest the victims
    were helpless Kurdish civilians; women, children, elderly and even
    babies that their heartbreaking photos dominated TV screens all over
    the world. Let us hope that the prosecution in Saddam's ongoing trial
    is skilled, competent, experienced, qualified and capable to prove
    to the world that he is responsible for those crimes.

    "Kurds rightfully have always referred to al- Anfal attacks as
    Genocide.

    In December 2005 a court in The Hague ruled that the killing of
    thousands of Kurds in Iraq in the 1980s was an act of Genocide".

    One thing, history has taught humanity that perpetrators of Genocide
    acts and Genocide usually do not use the term Genocide while referring
    to their mass-murder, but find substitute terms such as final solution
    as by the Nazi during WWII against Jews. In Iraq the Ba'ath regime
    of dictator Saddam did not break out of the rule by using various
    phrases and expressions such as Kurdish solution or al-Anfal as it
    was officially called later on.

    Just "like the Nazi Germany, the Ba'ath regime covered its actions
    in euphemisms. Where Nazi officials spoke of "executive measures,"
    "special actions" and "resettlement in the east," Ba'athist bureaucrats
    spoke of "collective measures," "return to the national ranks" and
    "resettlement in the south." But beneath the euphemisms, Iraq's
    crimes against the Kurds amount to genocide, the "intent to destroy,
    in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group,
    as such." Definition of Genocide

    "L. Elizabeth Chamblee in her "POST-WAR IRAQ: PROSECUTING SADDAM
    HUSSEIN" states that the multilateral treaty, the 1948 Convention
    on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide
    Convention), to which Iraq acceded on January 20, 1959, defined
    genocide in Article II as:

    Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole
    or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such:

    (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental
    harm to members of the group (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group
    conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction
    in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births
    within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to
    another group.

    To convict Hussein of genocide he must have "committed" one or more
    of the above forbidden acts against members of a protected group
    with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, that group. Hussein
    did not have to perform the acts himself. Instead, under Article III
    of the Genocide Convention, acts punishable under the treaty include
    "Genocide; conspiracy to commit genocide; direct and public incitement
    to commit genocide; attempt to commit Genocide; [and] complicity in
    genocide." Thus, if Hussein specifically ordered or even turned a
    blind eye to any of these acts, his failure to act would constitute
    genocide under the Genocide Convention. The International Court of
    Justice, the ITCY and ITCR statutes, as well as the International
    Criminal Court statute all follow the Convention's definition and
    its general elements".

    On the other hand, Encarta encyclopedia defines, Genocide as, a crime
    of destroying or conspiring to destroy a group of people because of
    their ethnic, national, racial, or religious identity.

    The definition continues to emphasize that, the perpetrator is usually
    a non-democratic country that views the targeted group of people as
    a barrier or threat to maintaining power, fulfilling an ideology,
    or achieving some other goal .The perpetrator see the victim as
    inferiors, subhuman who don't deserve to live. This approach is used
    mostly to mentally prepare the ruling group and state institutions
    and apparatus to carry out the dreadful policy.

    In 1948 the General assembly of the UN passed an act called the
    International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
    of Genocide. It took effect in 1951, provided a legal definition
    of genocide and established it as a crime under international
    law. According to the Genocide Convention, any of the following actions
    when committed with the intent to eliminate a particular national,
    ethnic, racial, or religious group constitutes Genocide:

    Killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental
    harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group
    conditions of life calculated to kill, imposing measures intended to
    prevent births within the group, and forcibly transferring children
    out of group.

    In spite of these laws, the world was never serious about the
    legal concept of Genocide Convention except when their interests
    are intertwined with the application of the convention. In general,
    the enforcement of the Genocide Convention has proven difficult. The
    UN has not established an international office or system to enforce it.

    Furthermore, victims do not have a permanent international criminal
    court to which they can bring their complaints. In 1988 UN delegates
    adopted a statute that would create a permanent international criminal
    court to try individuals accused of genocide and other violations of
    international criminal law. The court would have been established if
    60 countries ratified the statute, and would have been headquartered
    in The Hague, Netherlands. Regrettably, after George W.

    Bush took office in the White House he refused to seek the
    Congressional ratification of such a law.

    Al-Anfal vis-?-vis The Final solution

    Mass-killing, destruction of villages, deportation to forced
    concentration camps is the first steps towards Genocide. In both
    scenarios these acts stand salient and well documented. In fact,
    in both instances victims were used as test subjects for chemical
    and biological experiments.

    Holocaust encyclopedia states that, the Nazis, under cover of the
    war, developed the technology, bureaucracy, and psychology of hate
    to efficiently murder millions of Jews. The details of the "Final
    Solution".

    were worked out at the Wannsee Conference. All Jews in Germany and
    the occupied countries were deported to sealed ghettos as a holding
    area. Many were then shipped in cattle cars to labor camps where
    they lived under brutally inhuman conditions. Hundreds of thousands
    were sent directly to the gas chambers in death camps. As the Allies
    advanced on the camps, death marches further depleted the ranks of
    potential camp survivors." All the steps taken by the Nazis were aimed
    at removing the Jews from German society. As well as exterminating
    Gypsies Polish and Ukrainians.

    "After the beginning of World War II, anti-Jewish policy evolved
    into a comprehensive plan to concentrate and eventually annihilate
    European Jewry. What is clear is that the genocide of the Jews was
    the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf
    Hitler. The "Final Solution" was implemented in stages. In January
    1942, the Nazis began the systematic deportation of Jews from all
    over Europe to six extermination camps established in former Polish
    territory -- Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau,
    and Majdanek. Extermination camps were killing centers designed
    to carry out genocide. Over three million Jews were gassed in
    extermination. In its entirety consisted of gassing, shootings,
    random acts of terror, disease, and starvation that accounted for
    the deaths of about six million Jews -- two-thirds of European Jewry"
    How it was carried out, these were the preparations steps:

    1. An entire state bureaucracy was mobilized solely for the purpose
    of annihilating Jews.

    2. German technological expertise was harnessed to make the mass
    murder as efficient and low-cost as possible.

    3. Special camps were created solely for the purpose of killing Jews
    and other "undesirables."

    4. The conditions in these death camps and other concentration camps
    were brutal, and designed purposely to make survival only temporary
    Comparing al-Anfal Campaign to the above mentioned procedures,
    it is easy to find the many similarities both campaigns share with
    same objective of terminating people as a whole. From the documents
    seized after the Kurdish uprising of 1991, and later on following
    the liberation of Iraq there are testimonies to the fact that the
    whole state bureaucracy was drummed up to accommodate this particular
    objective; the extermination of Kurds in Iraq.

    Official correspondents among various state institutions are
    unambiguous, straight forward and very much indicting when it comes
    to the intention and the partial implementation of Genocide.

    L. Elizabeth Chamblee in her report continues on the Kurdish Genocide
    by Saddam's regime "The plight of the Kurds at the hands of Hussein's
    regime began well before the first Gulf War. Beginning in 1985,
    Hussein's plan to address "Kurdish affairs" formed a systematic
    program of destruction for Kurdish villages through chemical
    weapons and military force, subsequent relocation of the Kurds in
    concentration camps, and summary executions upon arrival. In 1988,
    Iraqi forces killed as many as 182,000 Kurds and destroyed at least
    4,000 Kurdish villages".

    "Once it finished using chemical and conventional bombing, the army
    and domestic militia dynamited and bulldozed Kurdish villages. The
    Iraqi army destroyed at least 703 Kurdish villages in 1987 alone
    After the armies razed the village of Serkand Khailani, officials
    arrested most of the villagers and later subjected the leaders to
    beatings with cables, suspensions from ceiling hooks, and electric
    shocks to the earlobes. Some of those arrested were executed. Others
    were sent to the collective camps. The Iraqi government painstakingly
    videotaped and documented a number of these events Al -Anfal Campaign
    against Kurds "Surat al-Anfal, a Verse on Jihad ("the Spoils of War")
    is the eighth chapter of the Qur'an, with 85 verses. It is a Madinan
    sura, recorded after the Battle of Badr.The al-Anfal Campaign was
    an anti-Kurdish campaign led by the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein
    between 1986 and 1989 (during and just after the Iran-Iraq war). The
    campaign takes its name from Surat Al-Anfal in the Qur'an, which
    was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Baathist regime for a
    series of military campaigns against the peshmerga rebels as well
    as the mostly Kurdish civilian population of southern Kurdistan. The
    campaign was headed by Ali Hasan al-Majid, a cousin of the Iraqi leader
    Saddam Hussein. The al-Anfal campaign included the use of ground
    offensives, aerial bombing, systematic destruction of settlements,
    mass deportation, concentration camps, firing squads, and chemical
    warfare, which earned al-Majid the nickname of "Chemical Ali".

    A report of Human right watch on al-Anfal campaign was detailed and
    vivid and established beyond any doubt those gross crimes of Saddam's
    Regime against Kurds as Genocide, especially the Attack on Halabja
    with Chemical weapons and al-anfal Campaign, which has been described
    as a campaign of extermination against the Kurds of northern Iraq.

    "The campaigns of 1987-1989 were characterized by the following gross
    violations of human rights:

    Mass summary executions and mass disappearance of many tens of
    thousands of non-combatants, including large numbers of women
    and children, and sometimes the entire population of villages; ·
    The widespread use of chemical weapons, including mustard gas and
    the nerve agent GB, or Sarin, against the town of Halabja as well as
    dozens of Kurdish villages, killing many thousands of people, mainly
    women and children; · The wholesale destruction of some 2,000 villages,
    which are described in government documents as having been "burned,"
    "destroyed," "demolished".

    and "purified," as well as at least a dozen larger towns and
    administrative centers (nahyas and qadhas); · The wholesale destruction
    of civilian objects by Army engineers, including all schools, mosques,
    wells and other non-residential structures in the targeted villages,
    and a number of electricity substations; · Looting of civilian property
    and farm animals on a vast scale by army troops and pro-government
    militia; · Arbitrary arrest of all villagers captured in designated
    "prohibited areas" (manateq al-mahdoureh), despite the fact that
    these were their own homes and lands; · Arbitrary jailing and
    warehousing for months, in conditions of extreme deprivation, of
    tens of thousands of women, children and elderly people, without
    judicial order or any cause other than their presumed sympathies
    for the Kurdish opposition. Many hundreds of them were allowed to
    die of malnutrition and disease; · Forced displacement of hundreds
    of thousands of villagers upon the demolition of their homes, their
    release from jail or return from exile; these civilians were trucked
    into areas of Kurdistan far from their homes and dumped there by
    the army with only minimal governmental compensation or none at all
    for their destroyed property, or any provision for relief, housing,
    clothing or food, and forbidden to return to their villages of origin
    on pain of death. In these conditions, many died within a year of their
    forced displacement; · Destruction of the rural Kurdish economy and
    infrastructure." "According to Iraq's report to the UN, the know-how
    and material for developing chemical weapons were obtained from firms
    in such countries as:

    The United States, West Germany, the United Kingdom, France and
    China. By far, the largest suppliers of precursors for chemical
    weapons production were in Singapore (4,515 tons), the Netherlands
    (4,261 tons), Egypt (2,400 tons), India (2,343 tons), and Federal
    Republic of Germany (1,027 tons).

    One Indian company, Exomet Plastics (now part of EPC Industries) sent

    2,292 tons of precursor chemicals to Iraq. The Kim Al-Khaleej firm,
    located in Singapore and affiliated to United Arab Emirates, supplied
    more than 4,500 tons of VX, sarin, and mustard gas precursors and
    production equipment to Iraq".

    Figures

    -During the Anfal campaign, the Iraqi government destroyed about
    4,500 villages in Iraqi Kurdistan -The Iraqi government executed
    approximately 182,000 men, women, and children -1,754 schools
    destroyed -2,450 mosques destroyed -27 churches destroyed -270
    hospitals destroyed -around 75% of villages wiped out -The Kurdish
    town of Qaladize of over 70,000 populations was totally destroyed.

    - Parts of major Kurdish cities were demolished in 1991 as the start
    of another or final phase of the annihilation of Kurds.

    "The campaigns of 1987-1989 were not out of the blue, they were rather
    deeply rooted in the history of the Iraqi Kurds. Since the earliest
    days of the establishment of Iraq. when Kurds were coerced into an
    involuntary union with the newly established Iraq and were denied
    their rights. They faced that with a chain of revolutions.

    However, the situation became worse when Ba'ath took power and started
    a systematic plan to annihilate the Kurds who Saddam saw them as an
    obstacle on his path of pan-Arab nationalism.

    However, with the granting of emergency powers to al-Majid in March
    1987, the intermittent counterinsurgency against the Kurds became a
    campaign of destruction. As Raul Hilberg observes in his monumental
    history of the Holocausts" Hilberg's Paradigm

    Raul Hilberg (born June 2, 1926) is one of the best-known and most
    distinguished of genocide historians. His three-volume, 1,273-page
    "The Destruction of the European Jews" regarded as the seminal study
    of the Nazi Final Solution "A destruction process has an inherent
    pattern. There is only one way in which a scattered group can
    effectively be destroyed. Three steps are organic in the operation:

    Definition --> Concentration (or seizure) --> Annihilation

    "This is the invariant structure of the basic process, for no group
    can be killed without a concentration or seizure of the victims,
    and no victims can be segregated before the perpetrator knows who
    belongs to the group.

    To pursue Hilberg's paradigm a little further, once the concentration
    and seizure was complete, the annihilation could begin. The target
    group had already been defined with care. Now came the definition
    of the second, concentric circle within the group: those who were
    actually to be killed."Beginning with a presidential order of October
    15, 1987--two days before the census--that "the names of persons
    who are to be subjected to a general/blanket judgment must not be
    listed collectively. Rather, refer to them or treat them in your
    correspondence on an individual basis." The effects of this order
    are reflected in the lists that the Army and Amn compiled of Kurds
    arrested during Anfal, which note each person's name, sex, age, place
    of residence and place of capture"."The Kurdish genocide of 1987-1989,
    with the Anfal campaign as its centerpiece, fits Hilberg's paradigm
    to perfection" as Dr. Khalid Salih deems it.

    The Halabja Attack

    Almost all current accounts of the incident regard Iraq as the party
    responsible for the gas attack, which occurred during the Iran-Iraq
    War.

    The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16
    and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja.

    "The poison gas attack on the Iraqi town of Halabja was the
    largest-scale chemical weapons (CW) attack against a civilian
    population in modern times.

    It began early in the evening of March 16, when a group of eight
    aircraft began dropping chemical bombs, and the chemical bombardment
    continued all night. The Halabja attack involved multiple chemical
    agents, including mustard gas, and the nerve agents sarin, tabun
    and VX. Some sources have also pointed to the blood agent hydrogen
    cyanide" The massacre at Halabja did not raise protests by the
    international community in March 1988. At the time, it was admitted
    that the civilians had been killed "collaterally" due to an error in
    handling the combat gas.

    Two years later, when the Iran-Iraq War was finished and the Western
    powers stopped supporting Saddam Hussein, the massacre of Halabja
    was attributed to the Iraqi government.

    After 1991 uprising in Iraqi Kurdistan, as Kurdish people were
    liberating their cities they discovered hundreds of tons of documents
    enough to indict every single Iraqi official who was involved. These
    documents were transferred to the United States. All the elements
    of the definition of Genocide under international law individually
    and collectively do apply to the Kurdish case. For example,
    killing members of the group, the attack carried all the element of
    every type of Genocide: ideological, retributive, developmental,
    and despotic. Simply, because the regime was trying to achieve
    an ideal social structure in which all Iraqis are alike and hold
    the same beliefs based on pan-Arabism. Their ideology based on pan
    Arab nationalism mixed with the principles of socialism led them to
    believe that Kurds as a different ethnic group are the major obstacle
    in their way to implement their policies and achieve their goals.

    Therefore, they have to be eliminated or at least neutralized or
    marginalized.

    Although Iraq is one of the signatory of the Genocide Convention
    since January 20, 1959 the Iraqi regime was never charged for any
    crimes committed against Kurdish people. It was the Ba'ath's mentality
    translated into state policy to annihilate Kurdish people since the
    very beginning.

    They have never given up on that. After the collapse of the Kurdish
    revolution in the spring of the 1975 as the result of the Algiers
    's Agreement, Hundreds of thousands of Kurds left Iraq to Iran and
    other counties while the rest surrendered to the government. They were
    deported to southern Iraqi desert. The majority of them perished or
    were shot in unmarked mass graves. Arabization has been an official
    policy of this government. Many Kurdish cities and towns such as
    Kirkuk, Mendaly, Khanaqin, Shingar and Atrush has been systematically
    evacuated of their Kurdish population and replaced with Arab tribes.

    In 1980 the government arrested hundreds of thousands of the Faily
    Kurds who were dwelling Baghdad and actually running the economy of
    the capital city. They were rounded up, after confiscating all their
    properties except the cloth on their back. They were split into two
    groups. One group just disappeared without any traces. While the other
    was deported to Iran. Nevertheless, the government was persistent on
    pursuing its deadly policies towards the Kurds. In 1983 they rounded
    up over 8 thousand male members of the Barzani tribe, and nobody ever
    heard anything about their unfortunate fate. The rest of the women,
    elderly male, and children were put in a concentration camp similar
    to those used in Europe by the Nazi for Jews during the WW11.

    However, the worst was still lurking ahead. In 1988 the government
    attacked the Kurdish town of Halabja with chemical and possibly
    biological weapons killing indiscriminately over 5000 people, mostly
    women and children. This was the first time these weapons of mass
    destruction has been used since the WW1.As a result and after showing
    the demonic crime on the TV screens all over the world. It was decided
    in a conference in Paris to reprimand the Iraqi regime while refusing
    the Kurdish representatives, here, the real victims of the crime of
    the century, to even attend the conference. This savage attack was
    followed by the infamous al- ANFAL Campaign led by defense minister
    Ali Hassan Al Majid, Known in Kurdistan as Ali the Chemical, who is
    the dictator Saddam Hussein's cousin. During this barbarous campaign
    the entire southern Kurdistan was turned into a military zone. The
    Iraqi army, whose only experience was the killing of Kurdish people,
    was authorized to shoot and kill anything alive and moving. Over a
    quarter of a million of Kurdish people were eliminated.

    Many were taken to the Iraqi desert in the south and buried alive
    in unidentified mass graves, according to very few eye witnesses who
    survived by a miracle.

    Human Watch report on al-Anfal Campaign The fact that al-Anfal was, by
    the narrowest definition, a counterinsurgency as dictator Saddam and
    defense team are trying to portray it, does nothing to diminish the
    fact that it was also an act of genocide. There is nothing mutually
    exclusive about counterinsurgency and genocide. Indeed, one may be
    the instrument used to consummate the other.

    Article I of the Genocide Convention affirms that "genocide, whether
    committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under
    international law." Summarily executing noncombatant or captured
    members of an ethnical-national group as such is not a legitimate
    wartime or counterinsurgency measure, regardless of the nature of the
    conflict In addition to this argument of principle, many features of
    Anfal far transcend the realm of counterinsurgency. These include,
    first of all, the simple facts of what happened after the military
    goals of the operation had been accomplished:

    The mass murder and disappearance of many tens of thousands of
    non-combatants--50,000 by the most conservative estimate, and possibly
    twice that number; · The use of chemical weapons against non-combatants
    in dozens of locations, killing thousands and terrifying many more
    into abandoning their homes; · The near-total destruction of family and
    community assets and infrastructure, including the entire agricultural
    mainstay of the rural Kurdish economy; · The literal abandonment,
    in punishing conditions, of thousands of women, children and elderly
    people, resulting in the deaths of many hundreds.

    Those who survived did so largely due to the clandestine help of
    nearby Kurdish townspeople.

    "Finally, there is the question of intent, which goes to the heart
    of the notion of genocide. Documentary materials captured from the
    Iraqi intelligence agencies demonstrate with great clarity that the
    mass killings, disappearances and forced relocations associated with
    Anfal and the other anti-Kurdish campaigns of 1987-1989 were planned
    in coherent fashion. While power over these campaigns was highly
    centralized, their success depended on the orchestration of the
    efforts of a large number of agencies and institutions at the local,
    regional and national level, from the Office of the Presidency of
    the Republic on down to the lowliest jahsh".

    By April 23, 1989, the Ba'ath Party felt that it had accomplished its
    goals, for on that date it revoked the special powers that had been
    granted to Ali Hassan al-Majid two years earlier. At a ceremony to
    greet his successor, the supreme commander of Anfal made it clear that
    "the exceptional situation is over."

    To use the language of the Genocide Convention, the regime's aim had
    been to destroy the group (Iraqi Kurds) in part, and it had done so,
    mission was accomplished as they proclaimed it. Intent and act had
    been combined, resulting in the consummated crime of genocide against
    Kurdish people. The survivors, the families of the victims, the entire
    Kurdish people, those who have suffered from Saddam's successive
    belligerence and aggression, every decent human being and the whole
    civilized world is waiting for this court to get the justice done.

    --Boundary_(ID_/8XksnYhj+jkUF8pYaJwiA)--
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