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SUCCESS OF TURKEY'S AK PARTY MUST NOT DILUTE WORRIES OVER ARAB ISLAMISTS
Mona Eltahawy
Diplomatic Traffic, DC
www.monaeltahawy.com
www.diplomatictraffic.com/de bate.asp?ID=629
9/17/2007
It has been unsurprising that since Abdullah Gul became president of
Turkey on 27 August that much misguided analyses has been wasted on
how "Islamists" can pass the democracy test. His victory was bound to
be described as the "Islamist" routing of Turkish politics. And Arab
Islamists - in the form of the Muslim Brotherhood, their supporters
and defenders - were always going to point to Turkey and tell us
that we've been wrong all along to worry about the Arab Islamist'
alleged flirtation with democracy. "It worked in Turkey, it can work
in the Arab world," they would try to assure us.
Wrong. Wrong. And wrong.
Firstly, Gul is not an Islamist. His wife's headscarf might be the
red cloth to the bull of the secular nationalists in Turkey, but
neither Gul nor the AK Party which swept parliamentary elections in
Turkey in June, can be called Islamists. In fact, so little does the
AK Party share with the Muslim Brotherhood - aside from the common
faith of its members - that it's absurd to use its success in Turkish
politics as a reason to reduce fears over the Muslim Brotherhood's
role in Arab politics.
The three litmus tests of Islamism will prove my point: women and sex,
the "West", and Israel.
As a secular Muslim who has vowed never to live in Egypt should
Islamists ever take power, I never take lightly any attempt to blend
religion with politics.
So it has been with a more than skeptical eye that I've followed
Turkish politics over the past few years.
But the 2004 reforms to Turkey's Penal Code which were passed by an AK
Party-dominated parliament have been nothing short of miraculous. To
appreciate how the AK Party has turned upside down Islamist notions on
women and their rights to sexual autonomy - and thereby signaled its
own distance from Islamism - consider the following, quoted from the
European Stability Initiative (ESI) June 2007 report "Sex and Power
in Turkey: Feminism, Islam and the Maturing of Turkish Democracy":
All references to vague patriarchal constructs such as chastity,
morality, shame, public customs or decency had been eliminated from
the Penal Code.
The new Penal Code treats sexual crimes as violations of individual
women's rights and not as crimes against society, the family or
public morality.
It criminalised rape in marriage, eliminated sentence reductions for
honour killings, ended legal discrimination against non-virgin and
unmarried women, criminalised sexual harassment in the workplace
and treated sexual assault by members of the security forces as
aggravated offences.
Provisions on the sexual abuse of children have been amended to remove
the possibility of under-age consent.
As well as highlighting the AK Party's willingness to traverse
far beyond any Islamist notions of women's rights, the reforms also
signaled the party's ability to listen and to work with Turkish civil
society, particularly women's groups which so successfully lobbied and
campaigned for the reforms that they have since emerged as influential
political players in their country.
No wonder the ESI described the changes as revolutionary.
"It was not just a victory for Turkish women, but also for Turkish
democracy," said the ESI, a Berlin-based non-profit research and
policy institute. "With the new Penal Code, Turkey's legislation
entered the post-patriarchal era."
In stark contrast, patriarchy stubbornly maintains its stranglehold
on legislation in the Arab world, helped to no end by increasingly
vocal Islamist groups which take it as a point of pride to stand in
the way of legislation that would - God forbid! - boost women's rights.
In Kuwait, just ask women about the Islamist parliamentary deputies who
until last year blocked legislation giving them the right to vote. In
Jordan, ask women who but Islamist parliamentarians consistently reject
moves to toughen sentences against honour crimes and who besides the
Islamists opposes legislation granting women the right to divorce. And
in Egypt, where the Muslim Brotherhood are the largest opposition
bloc with 88 members, little attention is paid to women's rights.
Yes, Gul and Prime Minister Recep Tayyep Erdogan both were members of
the unabashedly Islamist Welfare Party which first entered the Turkish
parliament in 1991 before it was ousted by Turkey's infamously secular
army and subsequently banned from politics by the country's Supreme
Court in 1997. But at the time of its demise, Welfare Party debates
on women still centered on whether a man was permitted to shake hands
with a woman. Now, both men belong to a party that has placed women
as the equals of men
After authorities closed down the Welfare Party, Gul and Erdogan
joined its successor, the Virtue Party, which in 2001 ended up
splitting into two new parties.
One was the AK Party, to which Gul and Erdogan called like-minded
reformers, fed up with the traditional Islamists views of party elders.
While the Welfare Party used to emphasise that a woman's place was at
home with her family, and while it didn't have a single woman among
its 62 members of parliament when it first made it there in 1991 and
while it continued to count not a single woman among its 158 deputies
in 1995 when it was the largest party in the Turkish parliament,
the AK Party followed a starkly different path on women. It had 71
founding members in 2001, of whom 12 were women (half with headscarves,
and half without).
As the ESI report points out, the AK party programme avoided direct
reference to Islam, proclaiming adherence to Turkey's secular
traditions and promising to encourage women to participate in public
life and be active in politics; to repeal discriminatory provisions
in laws; to work with women's NGOs; and to "improving social welfare
and work conditions in light of the needs of working women".
How was the AK Party able to pull all that off? Enter the "West",
in the form of the European Union and Turkey's determination to join
it. Gul himself has been a key player in promoting Turkey's ambitions
to become a member of the pan-European bloc. As foreign minister,
he helped secure European Union-accession talks for Turkey. And don't
forget it was Gul who facilitated the defection of fellow moderates
from the overtly Islamist Welfare PartyWhile the Muslim Brotherhood
and Arab Islamists pride themselves on virulent anti-Western stances
- it seems at times that a twin obsession with women and the West is
the defining characteristic of Arab Islamists - the AK party has been
listening to both women's groups and the European Union, which had
demanded a reformed Penal Code as a prerequisite to starting talks
in 2005 on allowing Turkey into its club.
Internally, modern Turkish politics for decades now have been shaped
by the secular vision of its founder Kemal Attaturk. In effect
a fundamentalist mix of secularism and nationalism, Kemalism has
created a Muslim majority-country where the army has toppled four
governments since 1960 for being too religious; where women cannot
wear headscarves in government buildings or public schools; and where
writers and intellectuals can face jail time, or worse, if they dare
to question Kemalist state tenets such as denial of the Armenian
genocide and the systematic discrimination against the country's Kurds.
Kemalism might have made inroads in the metropolises of Turkey but
it brought little comfort for the uneducated and poor women of the
countryside whose lives continue to be determined by archaic codes of
honour. While their urban sisters were forced to shun the headscarf
as a divisive religious symbol, girls and women in the countryside
were subject to arbitrary virginity tests and the death sentences of
their families for the merest suspicions of violating family honour.
Legislation alone doesn't fix such problems of course - and Turkey
must continue to improve its human rights record, particularly with
regard to Kurds - but it's a start and it's a safety net for those who
worry that the law leaves them vulnerable to Islamist machinations. And
it's a start that puts Turkey miles ahead of the Arab world and its
increasingly vocal Islamists.
In Egypt for example, the secular-in-name regime of President Hosni
Mubarak has for years now fought the Islamist influence of the
Muslim Brotherhood with a conservative and increasingly hysterical
interpretation of Islam that is painful to watch. The regime has
filled Egyptian television screens with conservative clerics whose
views are shameful in a country that is home to al-Azhar, the Sunni
bastion of learning which supposedly prepares clerics from around
the Muslim world to lead their flock.
Whereas Turkey has criminalized rape in marriage, in Egypt we witness
ever more outlandish fatwas. Witness the breast-feeding fatwa which
declared that unmarried men and women could be alone together in an
office at work without violating Islamic law as long as the woman
breast-fed her male colleagues five times. Or the urine fatwa in
which the Mufti of Egypt wrote in a book, and then retraced after
an outpouring of ridicule, that drinking the urine of the Prophet
Muhammad was deemed a blessing.
Such an environment can never produce the monumental changes that
propelled Gul and Erdogan from the Welfare Party to the AK Party.
The irony for Egypt is that a few years ago, several members of the
Muslim Brotherhood did indeed try to engineer a similar movement to
that Gul and Erdogan led away from traditional Islamism. The founders
of the Wasat Party in Egypt say they left the Muslim Brotherhood
after they became disillusioned with the authoritarianism of its
Supreme Guide. They invited Christians to join them and applied for
a license to operate as a political party. Their applications have
repeatedly been rejected by the parliamentary committee which oversees
the approval of new parties in Egypt. Not surprisingly, the committee
is dominated by the ruling National Democratic Party. In other words,
the government decides who can and can't be its legitimate opposition.
And the reason the Wasat party has consistently been blocked is quite
simple - allowing a moderate Islamist party to function in Egypt
would scuttle Mubarak's bogeyman scenario, the one in which he plays
the good guy to the Muslim Brotherhood's bad guy and successfully
scares his western allies into believing he is the only alternative
to fundamentalist lunatics.
It is a game that many Arab dictators successfully play.
Attitudes towards religion in Turkey and Egypt are likewise poles
apart. According to the ESI report, a recent survey in Turkey shows
Turks are becoming more religious in private - the number of people
who say that they are 'very' or 'quite' religious increased from 31
to 61 percent between 1999 and 2006.
But the same survey shows that support for the secular state
has grown stronger. In 1991, 21 percent of Turks polled said they
supported Shariah (Islamic law), but that figure fell to 9 percent in
2006. Judging from the fuss over Gul's wife's headscarf - which will
make her the first First Lady of modern Turkey to cover her hair -
you would think that veiling was on the rise.
In fact, the same survey shows the number of women appearing uncovered
in public increased from 27 percent in 1999 to 37 percent in 2006. In
Egypt, an estimated 80 percent of women now cover their hair in public.
The final litmus test of Islamists that the AK Party has scuttled
is Israel. Turkey is a long-time ally of the Jewish state, much to
the chagrin of many of its neighbours which behave as if it's a duty
of every Muslim-majority country to hold the same stance on Israel
as the frontline Arab states which have fought several wars against
it. The AK Party has not given any indications that it will change
Turkey's stance on Israel.
In an interview in June 2005, the Muslim Brotherhood's deputy supreme
guide Mohammed Habib told me if the Muslim Brotherhood ever came to
power they would put to a popular referendum the Camp David peace
treaty that Egypt signed with Israel in 1979. It was the first peace
accord between an Arab country and Israel.
"The Zionist entity has raped the land of Arabs and Muslims. Power
is the only language that the Zionist entity understands. How can we
recognize it (the treaty)? Who has recognized Camp David ? Have the
people? We will put it to the people as a referendum of course. The
people are the ones who decide and have the right to determine this. If
the people say no there won't be a treaty," Habib told me.
That fact that the deputy leader of a political organization would not,
in the year 2005, even utter the name of another country was the least
worrying aspect of his statement. Such a revisionist attitude towards
internationally recognised treaties reflects both the recklessness
and the stubborn denial of reality that has become a trademark of
many Arab Islamists.
And there you have it - women, the West and Israel.
The AK party happily fails the Islamist test on all three.
Mona Eltahawy
Diplomatic Traffic, DC
www.monaeltahawy.com
www.diplomatictraffic.com/de bate.asp?ID=629
9/17/2007
It has been unsurprising that since Abdullah Gul became president of
Turkey on 27 August that much misguided analyses has been wasted on
how "Islamists" can pass the democracy test. His victory was bound to
be described as the "Islamist" routing of Turkish politics. And Arab
Islamists - in the form of the Muslim Brotherhood, their supporters
and defenders - were always going to point to Turkey and tell us
that we've been wrong all along to worry about the Arab Islamist'
alleged flirtation with democracy. "It worked in Turkey, it can work
in the Arab world," they would try to assure us.
Wrong. Wrong. And wrong.
Firstly, Gul is not an Islamist. His wife's headscarf might be the
red cloth to the bull of the secular nationalists in Turkey, but
neither Gul nor the AK Party which swept parliamentary elections in
Turkey in June, can be called Islamists. In fact, so little does the
AK Party share with the Muslim Brotherhood - aside from the common
faith of its members - that it's absurd to use its success in Turkish
politics as a reason to reduce fears over the Muslim Brotherhood's
role in Arab politics.
The three litmus tests of Islamism will prove my point: women and sex,
the "West", and Israel.
As a secular Muslim who has vowed never to live in Egypt should
Islamists ever take power, I never take lightly any attempt to blend
religion with politics.
So it has been with a more than skeptical eye that I've followed
Turkish politics over the past few years.
But the 2004 reforms to Turkey's Penal Code which were passed by an AK
Party-dominated parliament have been nothing short of miraculous. To
appreciate how the AK Party has turned upside down Islamist notions on
women and their rights to sexual autonomy - and thereby signaled its
own distance from Islamism - consider the following, quoted from the
European Stability Initiative (ESI) June 2007 report "Sex and Power
in Turkey: Feminism, Islam and the Maturing of Turkish Democracy":
All references to vague patriarchal constructs such as chastity,
morality, shame, public customs or decency had been eliminated from
the Penal Code.
The new Penal Code treats sexual crimes as violations of individual
women's rights and not as crimes against society, the family or
public morality.
It criminalised rape in marriage, eliminated sentence reductions for
honour killings, ended legal discrimination against non-virgin and
unmarried women, criminalised sexual harassment in the workplace
and treated sexual assault by members of the security forces as
aggravated offences.
Provisions on the sexual abuse of children have been amended to remove
the possibility of under-age consent.
As well as highlighting the AK Party's willingness to traverse
far beyond any Islamist notions of women's rights, the reforms also
signaled the party's ability to listen and to work with Turkish civil
society, particularly women's groups which so successfully lobbied and
campaigned for the reforms that they have since emerged as influential
political players in their country.
No wonder the ESI described the changes as revolutionary.
"It was not just a victory for Turkish women, but also for Turkish
democracy," said the ESI, a Berlin-based non-profit research and
policy institute. "With the new Penal Code, Turkey's legislation
entered the post-patriarchal era."
In stark contrast, patriarchy stubbornly maintains its stranglehold
on legislation in the Arab world, helped to no end by increasingly
vocal Islamist groups which take it as a point of pride to stand in
the way of legislation that would - God forbid! - boost women's rights.
In Kuwait, just ask women about the Islamist parliamentary deputies who
until last year blocked legislation giving them the right to vote. In
Jordan, ask women who but Islamist parliamentarians consistently reject
moves to toughen sentences against honour crimes and who besides the
Islamists opposes legislation granting women the right to divorce. And
in Egypt, where the Muslim Brotherhood are the largest opposition
bloc with 88 members, little attention is paid to women's rights.
Yes, Gul and Prime Minister Recep Tayyep Erdogan both were members of
the unabashedly Islamist Welfare Party which first entered the Turkish
parliament in 1991 before it was ousted by Turkey's infamously secular
army and subsequently banned from politics by the country's Supreme
Court in 1997. But at the time of its demise, Welfare Party debates
on women still centered on whether a man was permitted to shake hands
with a woman. Now, both men belong to a party that has placed women
as the equals of men
After authorities closed down the Welfare Party, Gul and Erdogan
joined its successor, the Virtue Party, which in 2001 ended up
splitting into two new parties.
One was the AK Party, to which Gul and Erdogan called like-minded
reformers, fed up with the traditional Islamists views of party elders.
While the Welfare Party used to emphasise that a woman's place was at
home with her family, and while it didn't have a single woman among
its 62 members of parliament when it first made it there in 1991 and
while it continued to count not a single woman among its 158 deputies
in 1995 when it was the largest party in the Turkish parliament,
the AK Party followed a starkly different path on women. It had 71
founding members in 2001, of whom 12 were women (half with headscarves,
and half without).
As the ESI report points out, the AK party programme avoided direct
reference to Islam, proclaiming adherence to Turkey's secular
traditions and promising to encourage women to participate in public
life and be active in politics; to repeal discriminatory provisions
in laws; to work with women's NGOs; and to "improving social welfare
and work conditions in light of the needs of working women".
How was the AK Party able to pull all that off? Enter the "West",
in the form of the European Union and Turkey's determination to join
it. Gul himself has been a key player in promoting Turkey's ambitions
to become a member of the pan-European bloc. As foreign minister,
he helped secure European Union-accession talks for Turkey. And don't
forget it was Gul who facilitated the defection of fellow moderates
from the overtly Islamist Welfare PartyWhile the Muslim Brotherhood
and Arab Islamists pride themselves on virulent anti-Western stances
- it seems at times that a twin obsession with women and the West is
the defining characteristic of Arab Islamists - the AK party has been
listening to both women's groups and the European Union, which had
demanded a reformed Penal Code as a prerequisite to starting talks
in 2005 on allowing Turkey into its club.
Internally, modern Turkish politics for decades now have been shaped
by the secular vision of its founder Kemal Attaturk. In effect
a fundamentalist mix of secularism and nationalism, Kemalism has
created a Muslim majority-country where the army has toppled four
governments since 1960 for being too religious; where women cannot
wear headscarves in government buildings or public schools; and where
writers and intellectuals can face jail time, or worse, if they dare
to question Kemalist state tenets such as denial of the Armenian
genocide and the systematic discrimination against the country's Kurds.
Kemalism might have made inroads in the metropolises of Turkey but
it brought little comfort for the uneducated and poor women of the
countryside whose lives continue to be determined by archaic codes of
honour. While their urban sisters were forced to shun the headscarf
as a divisive religious symbol, girls and women in the countryside
were subject to arbitrary virginity tests and the death sentences of
their families for the merest suspicions of violating family honour.
Legislation alone doesn't fix such problems of course - and Turkey
must continue to improve its human rights record, particularly with
regard to Kurds - but it's a start and it's a safety net for those who
worry that the law leaves them vulnerable to Islamist machinations. And
it's a start that puts Turkey miles ahead of the Arab world and its
increasingly vocal Islamists.
In Egypt for example, the secular-in-name regime of President Hosni
Mubarak has for years now fought the Islamist influence of the
Muslim Brotherhood with a conservative and increasingly hysterical
interpretation of Islam that is painful to watch. The regime has
filled Egyptian television screens with conservative clerics whose
views are shameful in a country that is home to al-Azhar, the Sunni
bastion of learning which supposedly prepares clerics from around
the Muslim world to lead their flock.
Whereas Turkey has criminalized rape in marriage, in Egypt we witness
ever more outlandish fatwas. Witness the breast-feeding fatwa which
declared that unmarried men and women could be alone together in an
office at work without violating Islamic law as long as the woman
breast-fed her male colleagues five times. Or the urine fatwa in
which the Mufti of Egypt wrote in a book, and then retraced after
an outpouring of ridicule, that drinking the urine of the Prophet
Muhammad was deemed a blessing.
Such an environment can never produce the monumental changes that
propelled Gul and Erdogan from the Welfare Party to the AK Party.
The irony for Egypt is that a few years ago, several members of the
Muslim Brotherhood did indeed try to engineer a similar movement to
that Gul and Erdogan led away from traditional Islamism. The founders
of the Wasat Party in Egypt say they left the Muslim Brotherhood
after they became disillusioned with the authoritarianism of its
Supreme Guide. They invited Christians to join them and applied for
a license to operate as a political party. Their applications have
repeatedly been rejected by the parliamentary committee which oversees
the approval of new parties in Egypt. Not surprisingly, the committee
is dominated by the ruling National Democratic Party. In other words,
the government decides who can and can't be its legitimate opposition.
And the reason the Wasat party has consistently been blocked is quite
simple - allowing a moderate Islamist party to function in Egypt
would scuttle Mubarak's bogeyman scenario, the one in which he plays
the good guy to the Muslim Brotherhood's bad guy and successfully
scares his western allies into believing he is the only alternative
to fundamentalist lunatics.
It is a game that many Arab dictators successfully play.
Attitudes towards religion in Turkey and Egypt are likewise poles
apart. According to the ESI report, a recent survey in Turkey shows
Turks are becoming more religious in private - the number of people
who say that they are 'very' or 'quite' religious increased from 31
to 61 percent between 1999 and 2006.
But the same survey shows that support for the secular state
has grown stronger. In 1991, 21 percent of Turks polled said they
supported Shariah (Islamic law), but that figure fell to 9 percent in
2006. Judging from the fuss over Gul's wife's headscarf - which will
make her the first First Lady of modern Turkey to cover her hair -
you would think that veiling was on the rise.
In fact, the same survey shows the number of women appearing uncovered
in public increased from 27 percent in 1999 to 37 percent in 2006. In
Egypt, an estimated 80 percent of women now cover their hair in public.
The final litmus test of Islamists that the AK Party has scuttled
is Israel. Turkey is a long-time ally of the Jewish state, much to
the chagrin of many of its neighbours which behave as if it's a duty
of every Muslim-majority country to hold the same stance on Israel
as the frontline Arab states which have fought several wars against
it. The AK Party has not given any indications that it will change
Turkey's stance on Israel.
In an interview in June 2005, the Muslim Brotherhood's deputy supreme
guide Mohammed Habib told me if the Muslim Brotherhood ever came to
power they would put to a popular referendum the Camp David peace
treaty that Egypt signed with Israel in 1979. It was the first peace
accord between an Arab country and Israel.
"The Zionist entity has raped the land of Arabs and Muslims. Power
is the only language that the Zionist entity understands. How can we
recognize it (the treaty)? Who has recognized Camp David ? Have the
people? We will put it to the people as a referendum of course. The
people are the ones who decide and have the right to determine this. If
the people say no there won't be a treaty," Habib told me.
That fact that the deputy leader of a political organization would not,
in the year 2005, even utter the name of another country was the least
worrying aspect of his statement. Such a revisionist attitude towards
internationally recognised treaties reflects both the recklessness
and the stubborn denial of reality that has become a trademark of
many Arab Islamists.
And there you have it - women, the West and Israel.
The AK party happily fails the Islamist test on all three.